Overview
Datafusion Functions
Since GreptimeDB's query engine is built based on Apache Arrow DataFusion, GreptimeDB inherits all built-in functions in DataFusion. These functions include:
- Aggregate functions: such as
COUNT,SUM,MIN,MAX, etc. For a detailed list, please refer to Aggregate Functions - Scalar functions: such as
ABS,COS,FLOOR, etc. For a detailed list, please refer to Scalar Functions - Window functions: performs a calculation across a set of table rows that are somehow related to the current row. For a detailed list, please refer to Window Functions
To find all the DataFusion functions, please refer to DataFusion Functions.
arrow_cast
arrow_cast function is from DataFusion's arrow_cast. It's illustrated as:
arrow_cast(expression, datatype)
Where the datatype can be any valid Arrow data type in this list. The four timestamp types are:
- Timestamp(Second, None)
- Timestamp(Millisecond, None)
- Timestamp(Microsecond, None)
- Timestamp(Nanosecond, None)
(Notice that the None means the timestamp is timezone naive)
GreptimeDB Functions
String Functions
DataFusion String Function.GreptimeDB provides:
matches(expression, pattern)for full text search.
For details, read the Query Logs.
Math Functions
DataFusion Math Function.
GreptimeDB provides:
clamp(value, lower, upper)to restrict a given value between a lower and upper bound:
SELECT CLAMP(10, 0, 1);
+------------------------------------+
| clamp(Int64(10),Int64(0),Int64(1)) |
+------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+------------------------------------+
SELECT CLAMP(0.5, 0, 1)
+---------------------------------------+
| clamp(Float64(0.5),Int64(0),Int64(1)) |
+---------------------------------------+
| 0.5 |
+---------------------------------------+
mod(x, y)to get the remainder of a number divided by another number:
SELECT mod(18, 4);
+-------------------------+
| mod(Int64(18),Int64(4)) |
+-------------------------+
| 2 |
+-------------------------+
pow(x, y)to get the value of a number raised to the power of another number:
SELECT pow(2, 10);
+-------------------------+
| pow(Int64(2),Int64(10)) |
+-------------------------+
| 1024 |
+-------------------------+
Date and Time Functions
DataFusion Time and Date Function. GreptimeDB provides:
date_add(expression, interval)to add an interval value to Timestamp, Date, or DateTime
SELECT date_add('2023-12-06'::DATE, '3 month 5 day');
+----------------------------------------------------+
| date_add(Utf8("2023-12-06"),Utf8("3 month 5 day")) |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2024-03-11 |
+----------------------------------------------------+
date_sub(expression, interval)to subtract an interval value to Timestamp, Date, or DateTime
SELECT date_sub('2023-12-06 07:39:46.222'::TIMESTAMP_MS, INTERVAL '5 day');
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| date_sub(arrow_cast(Utf8("2023-12-06 07:39:46.222"),Utf8("Timestamp(Millisecond, None)")),IntervalMonthDayNano("92233720368547758080")) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023-12-01 07:39:46.222000 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
date_format(expression, fmt)to format Timestamp, Date, or DateTime into string by the format:
SELECT date_format('2023-12-06 07:39:46.222'::TIMESTAMP, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S:%3f');
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| date_format(arrow_cast(Utf8("2023-12-06 07:39:46.222"),Utf8("Timestamp(Millisecond, None)")),Utf8("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S:%3f")) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023-12-06 07:39:46:222 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Supported specifiers refer to the chrono::format::strftime module.
to_unixtime(expression)to convert the expression into the Unix timestamp in seconds. The argument can be integers (Unix timestamp in milliseconds), Timestamp, Date, DateTime, or String. If the argument is the string type, the function will first try to convert it into a DateTime, Timestamp, or Date.
select to_unixtime('2023-03-01T06:35:02Z');
+-------------------------------------------+
| to_unixtime(Utf8("2023-03-01T06:35:02Z")) |
+-------------------------------------------+
| 1677652502 |
+-------------------------------------------+
select to_unixtime('2023-03-01'::date);
+---------------------------------+
| to_unixtime(Utf8("2023-03-01")) |
+---------------------------------+
| 1677628800 |
+---------------------------------+
timezone()to retrieve the current session timezone:
select timezone();
+------------+
| timezone() |
+------------+
| UTC |
+------------+
System Functions
isnull(expression)to check whether an expression isNULL:
SELECT isnull(1);
+------------------+
| isnull(Int64(1)) |
+------------------+
| 0 |
+------------------+
SELECT isnull(NULL);
+--------------+
| isnull(NULL) |
+--------------+
| 1 |
+--------------+
build()retrieves the GreptimeDB build info.version()retrieves the GreptimeDB version.database()retrieves the current session database:
select database();
+------------+
| database() |
+------------+
| public |
+------------+
Admin Functions
GreptimeDB provides ADMIN statement to run the administration functions, please refer to [ADMIN](.(/reference/sql/admin.md) reference.
JSON Functions
GreptimeDB provides the following JSON functions to deal with values of JSON type:
parse_json(string)to parse a JSON string into a JSON value. Illegal JSON strings will return an error.json_to_string(json)to convert a JSON value to a string.
SELECT json_to_string(parse_json('{"a": 1, "b": 2}'));
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| json_to_string(parse_json(Utf8("{\"a\": 1, \"b\": 2}"))) |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| {"a":1,"b":2} |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
json_get_bool(json, path)to extract a boolean value from a JSON value by the path.json_get_int(json, path)to extract an integer value from a JSON value by the path, while boolean values will be converted to integers.json_get_float(json, path)to extract a float value from a JSON value by the path, while integer and boolean values will be converted to floats.json_get_string(json, path)to extract a string value from a JSON value by the path. All valid JSON values will be converted to strings, including null values, objects and arrays.
path is a string that select and extract elements from a json value. The following operators in the path are supported:
| Operator | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
$ | The root element | $ |
@ | The current element in the filter expression | $.event?(@ == 1) |
.* | Selecting all elements in an Object | $.* |
.<name> | Selecting element that match the name in an Object | $.event |
:<name> | Alias of .<name> | $:event |
["<name>"] | Alias of .<name> | $["event"] |
[*] | Selecting all elements in an Array | $[*] |
[<pos>, ..] | Selecting 0-based n-th elements in an Array | $[1, 2] |
[last - <pos>, ..] | Selecting n-th element before the last element in an Array | $[0, last - 1] |
[<pos1> to <pos2>, ..] | Selecting all elements of a range in an Array | $[1 to last - 2] |
?(<expr>) | Selecting all elements that matched the filter expression | $?(@.price < 10) |
If the path is invalid, the function will return a NULL value.
SELECT json_get_int(parse_json('{"a": {"c": 3}, "b": 2}'), 'a.c');
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| json_get_int(parse_json(Utf8("{"a": {"c": 3}, "b": 2}")),Utf8("a.c")) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
json_is_null(json)to check whether a JSON value is a null value.json_is_bool(json)to check whether a JSON value is a boolean value.json_is_int(json)to check whether a JSON value is an integer value.json_is_float(json)to check whether a JSON value is a float value.json_is_string(json)to check whether a JSON value is a string value.json_is_object(json)to check whether a JSON value is an object value.json_is_array(json)to check whether a JSON value is an array value.
SELECT json_is_array(parse_json('[1, 2, 3]'));
+----------------------------------------------+
| json_is_array(parse_json(Utf8("[1, 2, 3]"))) |
+----------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+----------------------------------------------+
SELECT json_is_object(parse_json('1'));
+---------------------------------------+
| json_is_object(parse_json(Utf8("1"))) |
+---------------------------------------+
| 0 |
+---------------------------------------+
Geospatial Functions
GreptimeDB provide functions for geo-index, trajectory analytics. Learn more about these functions